7.NATIONMASTER Encyclopedia > Music of Africa  Hand drumming is significant throughout Africa The music of Africa is as vast and varied as the continent's many regions, nations and ethnic groups. Although there is no distinctly pan-African music, there are common forms of musical expression, especially within regions. 
Some musical genres of northern and northeastern Africa, and the Islands off East Africa, share both traditional African and Middle Eastern features. 
The music and dance forms of the African diaspora, including many Caribbean and Latin American music genres like rumba and salsa, as well as African American music, were founded to varying degrees on musical traditions from Africa, taken there by African slaves. Contents • 1 Musical instruments • 2 Relationship to language • 3 Relationship to dance • 4 Traditional music • 5 Popular music • 6 Influence in American music • 7 See also • 8 References • 9 External links Musical instruments Besides using the voice, which has been developed to use various techniques such as complex melisma and yodel, a wide array of musical instruments are used. African musical instruments include a wide array of drums, slit gongs, rattles, double bells as well as melodic instruments like string instruments, (musical bows, different types of harps and harp-like instruments like the Kora as well as fiddles), many types of xylophone and lamellophone such as the mbira and different types of wind instrument like flutes and trumpets. 
Drums used in African traditional music include tama talking drums, bougarabou and djembe in West Africa, water drums in Central and West Africa, and the different types of ngoma drums (pronounced by some "engoma") in Central and Southern Africa. Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers, such as the kosika, rainstick, bells and woodsticks. Many cultures use song and dance to ward off evil spirits, and pay respects to good spirits, the dead, and ancestors. Relationship to language Many African languages are tonal languages, leading to a close connection between music and language in many African cultures. In singing, the tonal pattern or the text puts some constraints on the melodic patterns. On the other hand, in instrumental music a native speaker of a language can often perceive a text or texts in the music. This effect also forms the basis of drum languages (talking drums).[citation needed] Relationship to dance   An African woman, wearing native garments, performs during a visit from participants in the West Africa Training Cruise 1983. The treatment of "music" and "dance" as separate art forms is a European idea. In many African languages there is no concept corresponding exactly to these terms. For example, in many Bantu languages, there is one concept that might be translated as "song" and another that covers both the semantic fields of the European concepts of "music" and "dance". So there is one word for both music and dance (the exact meaning of the concepts may differ from culture to culture). 
For example, in Kiswahili, the word "ngoma" may be translated as "drum", "dance", "dance event", "dance celebration" or "music", depending on the context. Each of these translations is incomplete. 
Therefore, from an intracultural point of view, African music and African dance must be viewed in very close connection. The classification of the phenomena of this area of culture into "music" and "dance" is foreign to many African cultures. Resources MUSIC OF AFRICA Afro-Pop Worldwide - Connecting Music Fans to African Music and the World Music of Africa - Wikipedia - Good writeup and explanations of the breakdown and threads of African Music including the connection to language, dance, and traditional music African People and Culture NationMaster Encyclopedia History and Culture of Africa - Music, Dance, Language - Connections to other sites about African Culture and Music ILAM - International archive of African Music INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA KORA The Art of the Kora Ravi and the Kora The Cora Connection BELAPHONE KALIMBA OR LAMELLOPHONE AMI - African Musical Instruments Lamellophone PERCUSSION Marimbas A Guide to African Percussion TRADITIONAL AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS Musical Instruments and Culture of Africa AMI - African Traditional DJEMBE Drums - Djembe A Guide to Djembe GO HERE FOR DJEMBE SITE THE HEALING PROPERTIES OF THE HAND DRUM 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Download Student Presentation IB Zack, African music project.ppt *Start by Listening to some of the wonderful music from Africa BBC ON NIGERIAN MUSIC NPR: African Dance Party, A Celebration of a Continent Starter Activity 1. THE AFRICAN CHALLENGE GAME See how much you know about Africa START HERE 2. Explore The African People and Culture Click on the site below and Explore Aftrica. Once there chose an are on the map to explore the different regions of Africa. Explore all 8 regions and find 3 interesting things about each area. Then add them to the class homepage at yis.ac.jp and post your information in the appropriate discussion group. EXPLORE AFRICAN CULTURE HERE AFRICA_files/IB%20Zack,%20African%20music%20project.pptAFRICA_files/IB%20Zack,%20African%20music%20project.ppthttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/onyourstreet/thestreet/nigeria/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106918614&sc=nl&cc=mn-20090725http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106918614&sc=nl&cc=mn-20090725http://www.pbs.org/wnet/africa/challenge.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/africa/explore/index_flash.htmlshapeimage_3_link_0shapeimage_3_link_1shapeimage_3_link_2shapeimage_3_link_3shapeimage_3_link_4shapeimage_3_link_5shapeimage_3_link_6
PROJECT OUTLINE AFRICA IB PROJECT OUTLINE EXPLORE AFRICAN MUSIC 3. CLICK HERE AND START with “THE FIRST SOUND” WHEN YOU ARE DONE CLICK ON THE OTHER LINKS TO SOUND ON THE RIGHT UNDER “MORE PAGES” LISTENING EXTENSION 4. GO HERE TO LISTEN TO A PERFORMANCE CYCLE OF DJEMBE DRUMS AND PERCUSSION Africa Extension Listening Lesson.doc can be found on the IB Music Homepage 5. PRESENTATION ON AFRICAN RHYTHM CYCLES be sure to look at the presenters notes AFRICAN RHYTHM MUSIC CYCLES can be found in the Music Box on FirstClass AFRICAN POLYRHYTHMS 6. Learn how to play time against time http://www.soundjunction.org/thefirstsound.aspa?NodeID=276http://www.soundjunction.org/thefirstsound.aspa?NodeID=276http://www.x8drums.com/v/blog/2007/06/djembe-rhythm-samples-and-exercises.asphttp://www.x8drums.com/v/blog/2007/06/djembe-rhythm-samples-and-exercises.asphttp://www.ancient-future.com/africa.htmlhttp://audio.tutsplus.com/articles/general/introduction-to-polyrhythms/shapeimage_4_link_0shapeimage_4_link_1shapeimage_4_link_2shapeimage_4_link_3shapeimage_4_link_4shapeimage_4_link_5